All articles were carefully analyzed by the authors to assess their strengths and weaknesses, and to select the most useful ones for the purpose of review, prioritizing articles published from 1956 to 2018. The pharmacological effects of the Symphytum species are attributed to several chemical compounds, among them allantoin, phenolic compounds, glycopeptides, polysaccharides and some toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Not less important to highlight are the risks associated with its use. In fact, there is increasing consumption of over-the-counter drugs, which when associated with conventional drugs can cause serious and even fatal adverse events. Although clinical trials sustain the folk topical application of Symphytum species in musculoskeletal and blunt injuries, with minor adverse effects, its antimicrobial potency was still poorly investigated. Further studies are needed to assess the antimicrobial spectrum of Symphytum species and to characterize the active molecules both in vitro and in vivo. Symphytum species, also known as comfrey, belong to the Boraginaceae family and include around 35 species, including Symphytum officinale L., Symphytum tuberosum L., Symphytum x uplandicum Nyman, Symphytum asperum Lepech and Symphytum caucasicum Bieb. officinale often called herb comfrey, is the most commonly used species. Other species, like Symphytum asperum (prickly comfrey) and S. Symphytum peregrinum) have also been used. Ĭomfrey has been recommended for external and internal use as a botanical preparation for more than 2000 years. Worldwide, ethnographic studies have reported the external use of both S. tuberosum for osteoarticular disturbances in Navarra the tea for hepatic disturbances, and as an internal therapy for rheumatism in Mexico gastritis and ulcers in Brazil and skin problems in USA and roots (tea, alcoholic extract or ointment) for osteoarticular pain in Lithuania or as tonic in Jamaica. Comfrey extracts, ointments or compress pastes are applied externally, while the crude plant parts (leaf, herb or root) have been traditionally used for musculoskeletal disorders, wounds, gout, hematomas and thrombophlebitis. Ĭomfrey diversity, bioactivities and related efficacies is a manifestation of its complex effects and a source of opportunities for researchers from various disciplines, among them pharmacy. Pharmacological effects of comfrey extracts are attributed to several chemical compounds. Allantoin has been claimed as the active ingredient of comfrey, which is responsible for triggering cell division and would healing, also promoting conjunctive tissue, bone and cartilage growth. If you wish to comment on product selection, pricing, ordering, delivery or other issues, please contact our customer service.Officinale root extract contains allantoin and phenolic acids (e.g., rosmarinic, p-hydroxybenzoic, caffeic, chlorogenic and p-coumaric acids), and displays remarkable antioxidant effects, besides to exert a positive impact in human skin fibroblasts. We reserve the right to remove non-compliant reviews language. Personal information such as email addresses, phone numbers or physical addressesĪll reviews are subject to our Terms of Use.Advertising, spam, references to other websites or retailers.Critical or inappropriate comments about other reviews and shoppers.Language referencing a state of disease (including but not limited to references to pain, aches, inflammation, medicine replacement, cancer, cold/flu, arthritis, depression, insomnia, etc.).To meet our publishing standards, please refrain from including the following in your review: Be sure to explain why you like or dislike the product and focus on the product's features. We value your input and look forward to hearing about your personal product experiences. Reviews containing references to a state of disease (e.g., pain, aches, inflammation, medicine replacement, cancer, cold/flu, arthritis, depression, insomnia, etc.) cannot be published.
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